Australia has one of the highest reported rates of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in the world.
Globally, there are at least 15.6 million people with RHD, and annually, over 230 000 people die from the disease. It is estimated that there are another 1.9 million people who have had ARF and 470 000 new cases are diagnosed every year. These figures are likely to be an underestimate of the true global burden of the disease.
Some of the highest rates of ARF and RHD in the world are found among Indigenous Australians (particularly across central and northern Australia), New Zealand Māori, and other Pacific Island populations. The prevalence of RHD is also high in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East and Northern Africa.
In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are up to eight times more likely than other Australians to be hospitalised, and nearly 20 times more likely to die from this disease.
ARF can develop after an immunological response to group A streptococcal (Strep A) infection. If not diagnosed and treated, ARF can lead to permanent heart valve damage, a condition known as RHD. Community rates of ARF and RHD are known to reduce with improved housing, decreased household crowding, and access to appropriate health services and antibiotics to treat group A streptococcal infections and prevent recurrent ARF.
RHD is the most common worldwide cause of heart-related death in children and adults aged under 40 years. However, through simple and cost-effective strategies, RHD and associated deaths can be prevented.
Menzies researchers work with high-risk populations across Australia and the Pacific region to better understand and manage the factors that drive ARF and RHD.
Our research focus:
- To test whether a model of care designed to optimise health systems and community resources improves adherence to secondary prophylaxis for ARF
- To understand why ARF progresses to RHD in some people. Many people will experience group A streptococcus infections but only some will develop RHD. Launched in 2012, RHD Genetics is a collaborative study investigating the role genetics plays in the presence and progression of ARF and RHD
- To provide an evidence base on which to improve clinical care and health outcomes for women with RHD in pregnancy and for their babies
- To find markers in the blood that can be used to rapidly and accurately diagnose ARF, so that people can receive treatment as soon as possible
- To establish the prevalence of RHD in high-risk Indigenous Australian children and compare the findings with children at low risk for RHD, and to determine the accuracy of cardiac auscultation in detecting echocardiographic- confirmed RHD
- To provide direct program support and conduct research under the World Heart Federation RHD Pacific and International Program, including:
- RHD genetics study in Fiji and New Caledonia
- A BPG adherence study in Fiji
- A cost analysis of burden of RHD in New Caledonia and Fiji
- An evaluation of the ASAP RHD program in South Africa and Ethiopia
- Development of an RHD train the trainer module for international and regional Pacific use
- Collaboration and sharing of resources with many other countries in Asia, Africa and South America.
Research translation:
Menzies is home to RHDAustralia, an organisation established in 2009 to support initiatives for ARF and RHD in Australia. RHDAustralia is funded under the Australian Government's Rheumatic Fever Strategy. For more information, please visit the RHDAustralia website.
RHDAustralia Staff:
- Professor Anna Ralph, Co-Director
- Professor Alex Brown, Co-Director
- Professor Bart Currie, Consultant, Physician
- Diana Mosca, senior nurse advisor
- Sara Noonan, technical advisor
- Sean Rung, communications and project support officer
- Vicki Wade, senior cultural advisor
- Leanne Hampshire, project officer
Other rheumatic heart disease staff at Menzies:
- Associate Professor Joshua Francis
- Dr Bo Remenyi
- Dr Alice Mitchell
- Emma Haynes
- Angela Kelly
- Early detection and treatment of rheumatic heart disease in high risk communities using community led approaches for active case finding, education and engagement in care.
- SP Plus: An expanded model of secondary prevention for individuals with rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease and their families
- Pedriño Study
- On Track Watch (OTW): ‘A Grassroots Rheumatic Heart Disease Initiative in the Northern Territory’
- Evaluating the genetic contribution to RHD pathogenesis in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
- Identifying a unique inflammatory signature in ARF – a pilot study
- Improving delivery of secondary prophylaxis for RHD: a stepped-wedge, community-randomised trial
- RHD in pregnancy
- Analysis of mortality trends for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and rheumatic fever in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians
- Echocardiographic screening for RHD by nurses in Fiji – testing of a training module
- The global burden of disease study 2010: RHD writing group
- gECHO study (RHD screening study)
- Reducing rheumatic fever and controlling RHD in Pacific Island Nations
Click here to view rheumatic heart disease publications in PubMed.
RHDAustralia has developed a suite of resources based on the 2020 Australian guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of ARF and RHD (3rd edition), for health professionals, patients, families and communities. These can be accessed on the RHDAustralia website. Professional e-learning and apps are also available.
For the latest articles click here to be taken to the RHDAustralia news website.
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ABC Katherine | Remote Laundries pilot in Barunga reduced scabies 'rapidly', now there are plans to expand
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The number of people with rheumatic heart disease in Australia continues to grow
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Working with communities to end rheumatic heart disease
Did you know that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) at rates 60 times higher than non-Indigenous Australians? RHD is permanent heart damage, resulting from a throat or skin infection caused by Group A...
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InSight+ | "Our children don't have a future": the burden of RHD
THE mayor of a remote Aboriginal community in Arnhem Land has said the town’s children “don’t have a future” unless governments boost their investment in tackling the social determinants driving one of the world’s highest rates of rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
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Active screening needed for rheumatic heart disease in the NT
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The fight against rheumatic heart disease continues into the new decade
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Rheumatic heart disease discussed at national conference
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Top award for Noongar woman with nursing in her blood
The Senior | Vicki is senior cultural advisor with Rheumatic Heart Disease Australia, which is based at Darwin's Menzies School of Health Research.
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Heartfelt song beats back infection
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Catchy new song could save thousands of children from deadly RHD
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COAG Health Council | Communiqué 8 March 2019
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RN Breakfast | Rheumatic heart disease on COAG health agenda
The Federal Government will outline a national plan to eradicate rheumatic heart disease at next week's COAG meeting of health ministers.
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RN Breakfast | Rheumatic heart disease on COAG health agenda
The Federal Government will outline a national plan to eradicate rheumatic heart disease at next week's COAG meeting of health ministers.
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Research offers hope for rheumatic fever sufferers
Northern Territory data has been used to prove that timely treatment for people with rheumatic fever reduces the risk of recurring illness and death.
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Words from Arnhem land: Aboriginal health messages need to be made with us rather than for us
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Media Release|True burden of rheumatic fever in NZ currently underestimated, new research reveals
Media Release | University of Otago
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True burden of rheumatic fever in NZ underestimated
The joint study by researchers from the University of Otago, ESR, University of Auckland and the Menzies School of Health Research, Australia.
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Wire | RHD SCREENING CONTINUES
Health professionals and Maningrida stakeholders have come together to continue screenings of rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
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Wire | RHD SCREENING CONTINUES
Health professionals and Maningrida stakeholders have come together to continue screenings of rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
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Smart phones to help with remote area heart sickness
Dr Alice Mitchell is helping in the fight against one of the leading causes of death among young Indigenous people
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ABC | Rheumatic heart disease going undiagnosed by NT's fly-in doctors, cardiologist warns
The Northern Territory is home to some of the highest known rates of rheumatic heart disease in the world, but the transient nature of the region's medical practitioners could be hindering the fight to stop it.
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Arnhem Land children suffer world's highest known rates of rheumatic heart disease
In a remote Indigenous community of 3,000 people, researchers have discovered the highest known rates of rheumatic heart disease in the world, where children as young as four have died from the entirely preventable condition.
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Preventing RHD through community-driven activities
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Building genomics expertise in the NT
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Timorese Government prepares plan to prevent and combat rheumatic heart disease
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Saving Lives of remote children | NT News
Darwin researchers have uncovered alarming rates of rheumatic heart disease in East Timorese children.
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Cardiologists identify alarming levels of rheumatic heart disease in Timor-Leste
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Sharing a Heartbeat: Rheumatic heart disease movie released in Darwin
A push for more awareness around the effects of rheumatic heart disease on pregnancy has led to a film developed, written, and directed by Australian Indigenous women.
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Rheumatic heart disease program in East Timor 'saving lives' with 'simple' penicillin injections
Australian doctors are working with East Timorese health workers to screen and treat children and young people with the illness, using methods similar to those used in Australia.
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Rheumatic heart disease: Preventable illness in Indigenous communities 'a national failure', AMA says
The Australian Medical Association has singled out a preventable disease caused by impoverished living conditions and untreated infections as Australia's "national failure".
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Launch of new e-learning modules to target world’s highest rate of rheumatic heart disease
RHDAustralia will launch 15 new ‘clinician e-learning modules’ at a seminar in Darwin as part of Australia’s Rheumatic Fever Strategy to tackle the world’s highest recorded rate of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
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Seminar to reduce world’s highest rate of rheumatic heart disease in children
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Forum to forge path to end rheumatic heart disease
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Call to arms to save children from rheumatic heart disease
A leading paediatric cardiologist has emphasised the need to prevent RHD in Indigenous children to avoid premature death, cardiac surgery and stroke to allow them to live a fulfilling life.
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Beating rheumatic heart disease: Experts converge in Darwin
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Preventable disease leaves 13 year old with mechanical heart failure
RHD Australia will mark World Heart Day on 29 September by reminding people that rheumatic heart disease is preventable. Diagnosed at the age of seven, Carlisa Willika from the Werenbun community north of Katherine in the Northern Territory has lived with rheumatic heart disease for five years.